Female Hair Loss Profile adv

The ALT test, also known as Alanine Aminotransferase test, is a blood test that helps to evaluate the health of your liver. The liver is an important organ that performs various functions in your body, such as filtering toxins, producing bile for digestion, and storing vitamins and minerals.

The ALT test measures the levels of an enzyme called alanine aminotransferase in your blood. When the liver is damaged or inflamed, it releases this enzyme into the bloodstream. Therefore, the ALT test can indicate if there is any liver damage or disease present.

High levels of ALT may suggest liver conditions like hepatitis (inflammation of the liver), cirrhosis (scarring of the liver), or fatty liver disease. It can also be a sign of certain medications or alcohol abuse affecting the liver.

Detecting abnormal ALT levels can help diagnose liver problems early on, allowing for timely treatment and prevention of further damage.

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Albumin is a test that measures the level of a protein called albumin in your blood. Albumin is an important protein that helps carry various substances, such as hormones, vitamins, and medications, throughout your body. This test is commonly used to assess the health of your liver and kidneys.

When your liver or kidneys are not functioning properly, the level of albumin in your blood may decrease. Low levels of albumin can indicate liver disease, kidney disease, malnutrition, or inflammation in the body. It can also be a sign of a chronic condition, such as diabetes or heart failure.

Measuring the albumin level can give valuable insights into your overall health and identify any underlying conditions that may need further evaluation or treatment. This test is usually performed as part of a routine check-up or if you are experiencing symptoms like swelling, fatigue, or unexplained weight loss.

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The Alkaline Phosphatase test is a blood test that measures the levels of an enzyme called alkaline phosphatase in your body. This enzyme is found in various tissues, such as the liver, bones, and intestines.

The test is usually ordered to help diagnose and monitor certain health conditions. For example, it can help detect liver or bone diseases, such as hepatitis or osteoporosis. It can also be used to check the effectiveness of treatment for these conditions.

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 This test measures the activity of aspartate transaminase (AST), an enzyme found primarily in the liver, heart, and skeletal muscle, to help diagnose and monitor liver damage or disease, heart injury, and muscle disorders.

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The Gamma GT test is a blood test that measures the levels of an enzyme called Gamma Glutamyl Transferase (GGT) in your body. This test is commonly used to check the health of your liver and to detect any potential liver damage or disease.

The liver is an important organ that helps filter out toxins and waste from your body. GGT is an enzyme that is mainly found in the liver, but it is also present in other organs like the pancreas and kidneys. When the liver is damaged or not functioning properly, the levels of GGT in the blood can increase.

By measuring the levels of GGT, doctors can get an idea of how well your liver is working. High levels of GGT may indicate liver problems such as hepatitis, cirrhosis, or alcohol abuse. It can also be a sign of other health conditions like diabetes or heart disease.

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The Globulin test is a blood test that measures the levels of a specific type of protein called globulin in your body. Globulins are an important part of your immune system and help fight off infections and diseases. This test is usually done to check if your immune system is functioning properly and to diagnose certain medical conditions.

High levels of globulin may indicate an infection, chronic inflammation, or an autoimmune disorder. On the other hand, low levels of globulin may suggest a liver or kidney disease, malnutrition, or a problem with your immune system.

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The Bilirubin (Total) test is a blood test that measures the level of a substance called bilirubin in your body. Bilirubin is a yellow pigment that is produced when red blood cells break down. This test is commonly used to check the health of your liver and to diagnose certain liver conditions.

When your liver is working properly, it helps remove bilirubin from your body. However, if your liver is not functioning well, it may not be able to process bilirubin effectively, leading to an increase in its levels. High levels of bilirubin can cause a yellowing of the skin and eyes, known as jaundice.

By measuring the amount of bilirubin in your blood, this test can help determine if your liver is functioning properly or if there may be an underlying liver problem.

Your doctor may order this test if you are experiencing symptoms such as yellowing of the skin, fatigue, or abdominal pain, or if they suspect a liver disorder.

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Total Protein is the total amount of two proteins found in the serum of the blood, these are albumin and globulin. Albumin is needed to keep fluid in the bloodstream whereas globulin is an essential part of the immune system. Total protein tests are used as an indicator to there being a problem with albumin or globulin levels.
 

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Basophils are one of the several kinds of white blood cells you have in your body. Basophils are a part of your immune system and are created inside of your bone marrow.

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Eosinophils are a kind of white blood cell that helps fight disease. Eosinophils do two important things in your immune system: curb infections and boost inflammation, which can help you fight off a disease.
 

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A haematocrit test is a common blood test that measures the proportion of red blood cells (RBCs) in your blood. Haematocrit is expressed as a percentage or ratio of the volume of red blood cells to the total volume of blood. 

This test is a key component of a complete blood count (CBC) and provides valuable information about your overall health and can help diagnose various conditions.

Purpose and Significance of Haematocrit Test:

1. Assessing Blood Volume and Concentration: Haematocrit levels indicate the concentration of red blood cells in the blood, which is crucial for delivering oxygen throughout the body.
2. Diagnosing Anaemia: Low haematocrit values can suggest anaemia, a condition where you don't have enough healthy red blood cells to carry adequate oxygen to your body's tissues. There are many types of anaemia, and hematocrit can help in identifying them.
3. Identifying Polycythaemia: High haematocrit levels may indicate polycythemia, a condition where the body produces too many red blood cells, which can thicken the blood and increase the risk of clotting.
4. Monitoring Medical Conditions: Haematocrit is used to monitor conditions that affect blood volume or red blood cell levels, including chronic kidney disease, heart disease, and bone marrow disorders.
5. Guiding Treatment: The test helps in managing conditions that affect hydration levels and red blood cell count. It also helps evaluate the effectiveness of treatments for conditions like anemia and polycythemia.
6. Checking Overall Health: A haematocrit test is often part of routine health examinations to provide a general status check on a person’s health.

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Haemoglobin is a test that measures the amount of a protein called haemoglobin in your blood. 

Haemoglobin is a vital component of red blood cells and is responsible for carrying oxygen from your lungs to the rest of your body.

This test is commonly used to check for conditions like anaemia, which is a condition where there is a low level of haemoglobin in the blood.

By measuring the haemoglobin level, you can determine if you have enough red blood cells to carry oxygen effectively. 

If your haemoglobin level is too low, it may indicate that you have anaemia, which can cause symptoms like fatigue, weakness, and shortness of breath. On the other hand, if your haemoglobin level is too high, it may suggest a condition called polycythaemia, which can lead to thickening of the blood and increase the risk of blood clots.

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Lymphocytes are a type of white blood cell. They’re an important part of your immune system. 
 

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Mean Cell Haemoglobin Concentration (MCHC) is a blood test measurement that shows the average concentration of haemoglobin in your red blood cells. Haemoglobin is the protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen throughout your body. MCHC helps determine how much haemoglobin each red blood cell has relative to its size. If the MCHC is low, it suggests the cells don't have enough haemoglobin, which can indicate types of anaemia. 

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The Mean Cell Haemoglobin (MCH) is a blood test that measures the average amount of haemoglobin in your red blood cells. Haemoglobin is the protein in your blood that carries oxygen from the lungs to the rest of your body. Checking the MCH helps doctors see if you have different types of anaemia or other health issues. For example, a low MCH could mean you have iron deficiency anaemia, while a high MCH might indicate vitamin B12 deficiency. Understanding these levels helps in diagnosing conditions and deciding on the best treatment plan.

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The Mean Cell Volume (MCV) test is a blood test that measures the average size of your red blood cells. Red blood cells carry oxygen throughout your body, so it's important that they are the right size to do their job effectively.

If your MCV is too high, it means your red blood cells are larger than normal, which can be a sign of certain types of anaemia or other health conditions. If your MCV is too low, it means your red blood cells are smaller than normal, which can also be a sign of anaemia or other health issues.

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Mean Platelet Volume (MPV) tests show the mean number of platelets you have in your blood.

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Monocytes are a type of white blood cell in your immune system. Monocytes turn into macrophage or dendritic cells when an invading germ or bacteria enters your body. The cells either kill the invader or alert other blood cells to help destroy it and prevent infection.

High monocyte counts can indicate infections, chronic inflammation, autoimmune disorders, or blood disorders like leukemia. Low counts might suggest a problem with bone marrow or the effect of certain treatments. 

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Neutrophils are a type of white blood cell. They make up the biggest number of all kinds of white blood cells and they play a crucial role in fighting infections by attacking bacteria, viruses, and other pathogens.They kill and digest these pathogens to help your body fight infections and heal wounds. 

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Platelets are tiny blood cells that help your body form clots to stop bleeding. If you cut yourself, it’s the platelets that rush to the site of the injury and help seal the wound by forming a blood clot.

This test is crucial because having either too many or too few platelets can indicate a range of health issues. 

Low platelet counts (thrombocytopenia) can lead to excessive bleeding and bruising, showing that even minor injuries might cause serious bleeding. 

On the other hand, too many platelets (thrombocytosis) can lead to blood clots in your veins or arteries, which can cause strokes or heart attacks.

Doctors order platelet tests to monitor general health, diagnose diseases, or check the effectiveness of some treatments. It’s commonly performed if you have unexplained bruising or bleeding, are showing signs of an infection, or as part of routine health screenings.

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A Red Cell Count measures the number of red blood cells (RBCs) in a sample of your blood. 

Red blood cells are vital for health because they carry oxygen from your lungs to all parts of your body and bring carbon dioxide back to your lungs to be exhaled. This test diagnose and manage conditions like anaemia (low RBC count), which can cause fatigue and weakness, or polycythemia (high RBC count), which can lead to blood clots and other serious conditions. 

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Red Cell Distribution Width (RDW) shows the variation in size of your red blood cells (RBCs). 

If red blood cells vary widely in size, RDW values will be higher. This can indicate certain types of anaemia or other health conditions like heart disease. It’s particularly useful in distinguishing between different types of anaemia and understanding the underlying causes.

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White Cell Count measures the number of white cells in your blood.

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Cortisol is a hormone that is naturally produced by our body's adrenal glands. It plays a crucial role in regulating our body's response to stress, controlling blood sugar levels, and maintaining our immune system.

The cortisol test measures the level of cortisol in our blood, urine, or saliva. It helps to assess how well our adrenal glands are functioning and whether there is an imbalance in cortisol production.

This test is commonly used to diagnose conditions such as Cushing's syndrome, which is characterized by excessive cortisol production, or Addison's disease, which is characterized by insufficient cortisol production. It can also help identify other hormonal imbalances, such as adrenal insufficiency or adrenal fatigue.

Additionally, the cortisol test can be used to monitor the effectiveness of certain medications or treatments that aim to regulate cortisol levels. It can also provide insights into the impact of chronic stress on our body and help guide lifestyle changes or stress management techniques.

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The DHEA Sulphate test measures the levels of a hormone called dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate in the blood. DHEA sulfate is produced by the adrenal glands and is a precursor to the production of male and female sex hormones.

This test is often used to evaluate adrenal function and to help diagnose conditions such as adrenal insufficiency, adrenal tumors, and certain hormonal imbalances. It can also be used to monitor treatment for these conditions and to assess fertility and certain types of cancer.

The test may be ordered if a person is experiencing symptoms such as fatigue, weakness, decreased libido, or abnormal hair growth, as these can be signs of an imbalance in DHEA sulfate levels. 

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Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) is a gonadotropin, a type of hormone produced by the pituitary gland, which plays a crucial role in the reproductive systems of both men and women.

In women, FSH is key to the menstrual cycle and fertility:

Ovarian Follicle Development: FSH stimulates the growth of ovarian follicles in the ovary before the release of an egg at ovulation.

Estradiol Production: The developing follicles produce estradiol, an estrogen, which is crucial for the reproductive cycle.

Menstrual Cycle Regulation: FSH levels vary throughout the menstrual cycle and are highest just before ovulation.

In men, FSH is essential for the production and health of sperm:

Sperm Production: FSH stimulates the Sertoli cells in the testes, which are crucial for spermatogenesis (the production of sperm).

Testicular Health: It helps maintain the size and health of the testes.

FSH levels are used as an important diagnostic tool in assessing fertility and reproductive health. In women, abnormal FSH levels can indicate issues such as ovarian failure, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), or menopause. In men, abnormal levels can indicate problems with the testes or with the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, which can affect sperm production and overall fertility.

Monitoring FSH levels can provide valuable information in the evaluation and treatment of infertility, as well as in understanding other reproductive health issues.

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The Free Androgen Index measures the levels of certain hormones in your body. Specifically, it looks at the amount of androgens, which are male sex hormones like testosterone, that are not bound to proteins in your blood.

This test is important because androgens play a role in various bodily functions, including the development of male characteristics, maintaining muscle mass, and regulating sex drive. By measuring the levels of free androgens, doctors can assess if there is an imbalance or abnormality in your hormone levels.

The Free Androgen Index is often used to help diagnose conditions such as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), which can cause hormonal imbalances and affect fertility. It can also be used to evaluate and monitor the effectiveness of hormone replacement therapy in transgender individuals.

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The Free Testosterone (calculated) test is a blood test that measures the amount of a hormone called free testosterone in your body. Testosterone is a hormone that is mainly produced in the testicles in men and in the ovaries and adrenal glands in women. It plays a crucial role in various bodily functions, including the development of male characteristics, maintaining muscle mass, and regulating sex drive.

The test specifically measures the amount of free testosterone, which is the testosterone that is not bound to proteins in the blood. This is important because only the free testosterone is available to be used by the body's cells. By measuring the levels of free testosterone, doctors can assess if there is an imbalance or deficiency in this hormone.

This test is commonly used to diagnose conditions such as low testosterone levels in men, which can cause symptoms like fatigue, decreased sex drive, and mood changes.

In women, it can help identify hormonal imbalances that may be causing irregular periods or fertility issues. Additionally, this test can be used to monitor the effectiveness of hormone replacement therapy or to evaluate certain medical conditions like polycystic ovary syndrome.

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Luteinising Hormone (LH) is a hormone produced by the anterior pituitary gland in the brain. It plays a vital role in sexual development and functioning for both men and women.

In women, LH is essential for regulating the menstrual cycle. It triggers ovulation, the process where an egg is released from the ovary. This hormone's levels fluctuate throughout the menstrual cycle, peaking just before ovulation. In men, LH stimulates the production of testosterone by the testes. Testosterone is crucial for sperm production and maintaining male reproductive health.

Testing for LH levels can be important for several reasons:

Assessing Fertility: In women, LH testing is often used to determine the timing of ovulation for those trying to conceive. For men, an LH test can help evaluate the function of the testes and testosterone production, which is important for understanding fertility issues.

Diagnosing Menstrual Irregularities: Abnormal LH levels can be a cause of irregular or absent menstrual cycles, which is an important diagnostic factor in conditions like polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) or amenorrhea (absence of menstruation).

Evaluating Pituitary Function: Since LH is produced by the pituitary gland, abnormal levels can indicate issues with pituitary function. This might be relevant in the diagnosis of pituitary disorders.

Monitoring Hormone Replacement Therapy: LH levels can be checked to monitor the effectiveness of hormone replacement therapy, particularly in the context of menopausal symptoms or hypogonadism in men.

Understanding Early or Delayed Puberty: In children, abnormal levels of LH can be a sign of either early (precocious) or delayed puberty, helping guide further investigation and management.

An LH test is a valuable tool in understanding reproductive health, diagnosing and managing disorders of the reproductive system, and monitoring treatments related to hormonal issues.

The effects of LH levels on men can be understood in a few key aspects:

Testosterone Production: LH stimulates the Leydig cells in the testes to produce testosterone. Testosterone is crucial for many aspects of male health, including sexual development, libido, muscle mass, bone density, and mood regulation. Abnormally low or high LH levels can lead to imbalances in testosterone production.

Fertility: LH is also important for spermatogenesis, the process of sperm production. It works in conjunction with follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) to ensure the proper development and function of the testes. Altered LH levels can impact sperm production and quality, affecting fertility.

Pubertal Development: During puberty, increased levels of LH trigger the development of secondary sexual characteristics in boys, such as increased muscle mass, body hair, and changes in voice. Abnormal LH levels during this time can lead to issues with pubertal development, such as delayed or incomplete puberty.

Bone Health: Since LH influences testosterone levels, and testosterone is essential for bone health, imbalances in LH can indirectly affect bone density. Low testosterone levels can increase the risk of osteoporosis and fractures.

Psychological and Cognitive Effects: Testosterone, regulated by LH, can impact mood and cognitive function. Imbalances in LH and consequently in testosterone levels might contribute to mood disorders, changes in libido, and cognitive difficulties.

Metabolic Effects: Testosterone, influenced by LH levels, also plays a role in metabolism, body composition, and fat distribution. Imbalances can lead to metabolic issues, changes in body composition, and increased risk of obesity and related conditions.

Abnormally high or low levels of LH can indicate various health issues, including hypogonadism, pituitary gland disorders, or issues with the testes. Therefore, maintaining a balance in LH levels is important for overall health and well-being in men.

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Oestradiol is a form of oestrogen, which is a female sex hormone. It plays a crucial role in the development and functioning of female reproductive tissues, such as the breasts, ovaries, and uterus. Oestradiol is also important in regulating the menstrual cycle and reproductive system.

In addition to its role in the reproductive system, oestradiol has other significant functions. It helps maintain bone density, supports cardiovascular health, and influences mood and cognitive function. The hormone is produced primarily in the ovaries in premenopausal women and is also produced in smaller amounts by other tissues such as the adrenal glands, fat tissues, and the brain, both in women and in men.

Levels of oestradiol vary throughout a woman's life, being highest during the reproductive years and dropping significantly after menopause.

Testing oestradiol levels can be important for various reasons, such as evaluating fertility, understanding the causes of menstrual irregularities, assessing menopausal status, or monitoring hormone replacement therapy.

Low levels can lead to symptoms such as hot flashes, night sweats, and osteoporosis, while unusually high levels may indicate conditions like ovarian tumors or estrogen dominance.

Oestradiol, although typically associated with women, also plays important roles in men's health. In men, oestradiol is produced mainly by the conversion of testosterone through the action of an enzyme called aromatase, which is present in fat tissues, the brain, testes, and other tissues.

The functions of oestradiol in men include bone health, fertility, brain function, cardiovascular health, fat metabolism and muscle health.

While high levels of oestradiol in men can lead to problems such as gynecomastia (development of breast tissue), erectile dysfunction, and infertility, very low levels are also problematic, as they can increase the risk of osteoporosis and other health issues. Therefore, maintaining a balance of oestradiol is important for overall health in men.

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Progesterone is a hormone that is naturally produced in the body, mainly by the ovaries in women. It plays a crucial role in regulating the menstrual cycle and preparing the uterus for pregnancy. 

This test is often used to assess a woman's fertility and to monitor the health of a pregnancy. In women, it helps determine if ovulation is occurring regularly and if there are any issues with the production of progesterone. Low levels of progesterone can make it difficult to get pregnant or maintain a pregnancy.

In pregnant women, this test can help identify any potential problems, such as an ectopic pregnancy or a miscarriage. It can also be used to monitor the effectiveness of hormone replacement therapy in menopausal women.

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Prolactin is a hormone produced by the pituitary gland that plays a crucial role in lactation and reproductive function. 

There are several reasons why a woman or man may be tested for prolactin. Some of the most common reasons include:

Women:

• To diagnose and monitor conditions related to menstrual irregularities, such as amenorrhea (absence of periods) or oligomenorrhea (infrequent periods)
• To evaluate infertility or recurrent miscarriage
• To diagnose and monitor conditions related to lactation problems, such as insufficient milk production or galactorrhea (abnormal breast milk production)
• To diagnose and monitor pituitary tumors, which can cause excessive prolactin production (prolactinoma)

Men:

• To diagnose and monitor conditions related to low testosterone levels, such as hypogonadism (underactive testes)
• To diagnose and monitor pituitary tumors, which can cause excessive prolactin production (prolactinoma)

While the prolactin test is primarily used to diagnose and monitor conditions related to prolactin production, the reasons for testing may vary depending on the age and sex of the patient. Some differences include:

Women:

• Women are more likely to be tested for prolactin to diagnose and monitor conditions related to menstrual irregularities and lactation problems.
• Women may also be tested for prolactin to evaluate infertility or recurrent miscarriage.

Men:

• Men are more likely to be tested for prolactin to diagnose and monitor conditions related to low testosterone levels.
• Men may also be tested for prolactin to diagnose and monitor pituitary tumors.

Children:

• Children may be tested for prolactin to diagnose and monitor conditions related to early puberty or delayed puberty.
• Children may also be tested for prolactin to diagnose and monitor pituitary tumors.

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Sex Hormone Binding Globulin (SHBG) is a laboratory test that measures the level of SHBG in the blood. SHBG is a protein produced by the liver that binds to sex hormones, such as testosterone and estrogen, in the bloodstream.

This test is usually done to evaluate and monitor hormone-related conditions. It can help in diagnosing and managing various conditions, including:

Hormonal imbalances: SHBG levels can be used to assess the balance of sex hormones in the body. High levels of SHBG may indicate a deficiency of sex hormones, while low levels may suggest an excess.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS): PCOS is a common hormonal disorder in women. SHBG levels can be used to evaluate the hormonal profile and monitor the response to treatment.

Hypogonadism: This condition refers to low levels of sex hormones in both men and women. SHBG levels can help determine the cause and guide treatment.

Hyperandrogenism: This condition is characterized by excessive production of androgens (male hormones) in women. SHBG levels can help assess the severity and guide treatment.

Liver disease: SHBG is primarily produced by the liver. Abnormal SHBG levels can indicate liver dysfunction or disease.

Monitoring hormone replacement therapy: SHBG levels can be used to monitor the effectiveness of hormone replacement therapy in individuals receiving treatment for hormonal deficiencies.

It is important to note that the interpretation of SHBG levels should be done in conjunction with other hormone tests and clinical evaluation to get a comprehensive understanding of your hormonal status.

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Testosterone is an important sex hormone for both men and women. In men, it is made in the testicles. In women, it is made in small amounts in the ovaries.  

It is important for normal male sexual development. During puberty (in the teen years), testosterone helps boys develop male features like body and facial hair, a deeper voice, and muscle strength. Too much testosterone in men can cause shrinking of the testicles, impotence, an increased risk of heart attack and prostate enlargement with difficulty urinating. Too little can cause fatigue, irritability, depression, erectile dysfunction and reduced muscle mass. 

Combined with oestrogen, testosterone helps with the growth, maintenance, and repair of a woman's reproductive tissues and bone mass. Too much can cause acne, excess hair on the face and body, irregular periods and mood changes. Too little can cause low libido and weight gain. 

The optimal time to take a sample when testing for testosterone is between 7am - 10am.

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Creatinine is a test that measures the level of a waste product called creatinine in your blood. Creatinine is produced by your muscles and is normally filtered out of your body by your kidneys. This test helps to evaluate how well your kidneys are functioning.

When your kidneys are healthy, they efficiently remove creatinine from your blood. However, if your kidneys are not working properly, the level of creatinine in your blood can increase. High levels of creatinine may indicate kidney damage or disease.

This test is often ordered if you have symptoms of kidney problems, such as frequent urination, swelling in your legs or feet, or changes in urine color. It is also used to monitor the progression of kidney disease and to adjust medication dosages for certain conditions.

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The eGFR test, or estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate test, is a crucial laboratory measurement used to assess kidney function. It estimates how well the kidneys are filtering blood and removing waste products. Here's a deeper look into what eGFR signifies and why it is so important:

What is eGFR?

eGFR is calculated from the blood level of creatinine along with other variables such as age, sex, and body size. Creatinine is a waste product produced by muscle metabolism and usually filtered out of the blood by the kidneys.

Why is the eGFR Test Used?

1. Detecting Kidney Disease: eGFR is primarily used to screen for and monitor kidney disease. Healthy kidneys effectively filter blood, but damaged kidneys may not perform as well, leading to a lower eGFR.
2. Monitoring Kidney Disease Progression: For patients already diagnosed with kidney disease, regular eGFR tests help monitor the disease's progression. Changes in eGFR over time can indicate whether the kidney function is stable, improving, or worsening.
3. Guiding Treatment: Kidney function, as measured by eGFR, influences decisions about medication dosages and other treatments. Some drugs are eliminated from the body through the kidneys, and reduced kidney function can affect how drugs are dosed and administered.
4. Evaluating Risk: A low eGFR indicates poor kidney function and can be associated with an increased risk of other complications like cardiovascular disease and high blood pressure.

How is eGFR Calculated?

The eGFR is typically calculated using the creatinine level along with formulas such as the MDRD (Modification of Diet in Renal Disease) study equation or the CKD-EPI (Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration) equation. These formulas adjust for factors like age, sex, race, and body size to provide a more accurate assessment of kidney function.

Interpretation of eGFR Results

• Normal Range: Generally, a normal eGFR value is above 90 mL/min/1.73m², indicating good kidney function.
• Mild to Moderate Decrease: An eGFR between 60 and 89 might suggest some kidney damage, particularly if other signs of kidney disease are present.
• Moderate to Severe Decrease: An eGFR below 60 may indicate chronic kidney disease.
• Severe Decrease: An eGFR below 30 suggests more serious kidney disease, potentially nearing kidney failure.
• Kidney Failure: An eGFR less than 15 typically indicates kidney failure, necessitating dialysis or transplantation for continued survival.

Regular monitoring of eGFR is essential for patients with known risk factors for kidney disease, such as diabetes and hypertension.

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Urea is a waste product that is produced when your body breaks down proteins. This test is commonly used to check how well your kidneys are functioning.

When your kidneys are healthy, they filter out urea and other waste products from your blood, which are then excreted in your urine. However, if your kidneys are not working properly, urea can build up in your blood.

By measuring the level of urea in your blood, you can get an idea of how well your kidneys are working.

This test can help diagnose kidney problems, such as kidney disease or damage. It can also be used to monitor the progress of kidney disease and determine the effectiveness of treatment.
 

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Ferritin is responsible for storing iron, which is an essential mineral for our body's functioning. This test helps determine if you have too much or too little iron in your body.

If your ferritin levels are too high, it may indicate that you have an excess of iron, which can lead to various health problems. On the other hand, if your ferritin levels are too low, it may suggest that you have an iron deficiency, which can cause symptoms like fatigue, weakness, and difficulty concentrating.

By measuring your ferritin levels, this test helps doctors diagnose and monitor conditions related to iron levels, such as iron overload disorders (hemochromatosis) or iron deficiency anemia. It can also help identify the underlying cause of these conditions, such as certain diseases or dietary issues.

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The test measures the level of folate, also known as vitamin B9, in the blood serum. Folate is an essential nutrient that plays a crucial role in DNA synthesis, red blood cell production, and cell division.

 Someone may have this test done for several reasons:

 1. To diagnose folate deficiency: Low levels of folate in the blood can indicate a deficiency, which can lead to symptoms like fatigue, weakness, pale skin, and difficulty concentrating.

 2. To monitor folate levels during pregnancy: Adequate folate levels are crucial during pregnancy to prevent neural tube defects in the developing fetus. This test helps ensure that the pregnant individual has sufficient folate levels.

 3. To assess the effectiveness of folate supplementation: Individuals who are taking folate supplements or undergoing treatment for folate deficiency may have this test to monitor the response to treatment and adjust the dosage if needed.

 4. To investigate certain medical conditions: Folate levels can be affected by certain medical conditions like malabsorption disorders, liver disease, alcoholism, and certain medications. This test can help identify the underlying cause of abnormal folate levels in such cases.

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Vitamin B12 is a vitamin which is necessary for the formation of red blood cells, tissue and cellular repairs, and nerve health. 

It is primarily found in animal products such as meat, fish, milk and eggs, so it is particularly relevant to anyone on a plant based diet.

This test measures the total amount of vitamin B12 in the blood. It may contribute to the diagnosis of vitamin B12 deficiency, pernicious anemia, malabsorption disorders, and certain gastrointestinal conditions. 

In males and females, low levels of vitamin B12 can lead to anaemia, fatigue, weakness, and neurological symptoms. 

In females, low levels of vitamin B12 can also lead to complications during pregnancy.

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Vitamin D is an essential nutrient that helps your body absorb calcium and maintain strong bones.

This test is important because vitamin D deficiency can lead to weak bones, muscle weakness, and increased risk of fractures. It can also affect your immune system, making you more susceptible to infections. 

Vitamin D comes from two sources; it can be ingested from foods and supplements, or be produced in the skin once it is exposed to sunlight.

Vitamin D tests are used to identify vitamin D deficiency and to monitor disease that interfere with fat absorption like Crohn’s disease.
 

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The Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) test measures the level of TSH in your body. TSH is a hormone produced by the pituitary gland that helps regulate the thyroid gland, which is responsible for controlling your metabolism.

This test is used to diagnose thyroid problems, such as hypothyroidism (an underactive thyroid) or hyperthyroidism (an overactive thyroid).

Symptoms of thyroid problems can include fatigue, weight gain or loss, hair loss, and changes in mood or energy levels.

If your TSH levels are too high or too low, it can indicate a problem with your thyroid gland.

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Zinc is an important mineral that your body needs for many different functions. It helps with the growth and development of cells, supports your immune system, and helps with wound healing.

Symptoms of a deficiency can include hair loss, poor wound healing, frequent infections, and a weakened immune system. On the other hand, symptoms of excess zinc can include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and stomach cramps.

This test can also be done to monitor the levels of zinc in your body if you have certain medical conditions. For example, if you have a condition that affects your ability to absorb nutrients, such as Crohn's disease or celiac disease, your doctor may want to check your zinc levels. Additionally, if you are receiving parenteral nutrition (nutrition given through an IV), your doctor may monitor your zinc levels to ensure you are getting enough.

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